Analisis pekerjaan adalah alat utama dalam manajemen personalia. Dalam metode ini, seorang manajer personalia mencoba mengumpulkan, mensintesis, dan menerapkan informasi yang tersedia mengenai tenaga kerja yang bersangkutan. Seorang manajer personalia harus melakukan analisis pekerjaan untuk menempatkan orang yang tepat pada pekerjaan yang tepat.

Ada dua hasil analisis pekerjaan:

1. Uraian Tugas
2. Spesifikasi pekerjaan

Informasi yang dikumpulkan dalam analisis pekerjaan adalah:

1. Sifat pekerjaan yang dibutuhkan dalam suatu perhatian.
2. Sifat/ukuran struktur organisasi.
3. Jenis orang yang dibutuhkan untuk menyesuaikan struktur itu.
4. Hubungan pekerjaan tersebut dengan pekerjaan lain yang menjadi perhatian.
5. Jenis kualifikasi dan latar belakang akademis yang dibutuhkan untuk pekerjaan.
6. Penyediaan kondisi fisik untuk mendukung kegiatan yang bersangkutan. Misalnya- kabin terpisah untuk manajer, kabin khusus untuk supervisor, kondisi sehat untuk pekerja, ruang penyimpanan yang memadai untuk penjaga toko.

Keuntungan Analisis Pekerjaan

1. Analisis pekerjaan membantu manajer personalia pada saat perekrutan dan pemilihan orang yang tepat pada pekerjaan yang tepat.
2. Ini membantunya untuk memahami tingkat dan ruang lingkup pelatihan yang diperlukan di bidang itu.
3. Ini membantu dalam mengevaluasi pekerjaan di mana nilai pekerjaan harus dievaluasi.
4. Dalam kasus di mana tenaga kerja yang lancar diperlukan dalam perhatian.
5. Ketika ia harus menghindari tumpang tindih hubungan wewenang-tanggung jawab agar tidak terjadi distorsi dalam rantai komando.
6. Ini juga membantu untuk menyusun rencana kompensasi bagi karyawan.
7. Ini juga membantu manajer personalia untuk melakukan penilaian kinerja secara efektif dalam suatu masalah.

Seorang manajer personalia melakukan analisis dalam dua cara:

1. Uraian Tugas
2. Spesifikasi pekerjaan
3. 1. Ini membantu supervisor dalam memberikan pekerjaan kepada bawahan sehingga dia dapat membimbing dan memantau kinerja mereka.
   2. Ini membantu dalam prosedur rekrutmen dan seleksi.
   3. Ini membantu dalam perencanaan tenaga kerja .
   4. Hal ini juga membantu dalam penilaian kinerja.
   5. Hal ini membantu dalam evaluasi pekerjaan untuk memutuskan tentang tingkat remunerasi untuk pekerjaan tertentu.
   6. Ini juga membantu dalam menyusun program pelatihan dan pengembangan.DESKRIPSI PEKERJAAN adalah pernyataan faktual yang terorganisir tentang isi pekerjaan dalam bentuk tugas dan tanggung jawab pekerjaan tertentu. Penyusunan deskripsi pekerjaan sangat penting sebelum lowongan diiklankan. Ini menceritakan secara singkat sifat dan jenis pekerjaan. Jenis dokumen ini bersifat deskriptif dan memuat semua fakta yang berhubungan dengan suatu pekerjaan seperti :
      1. Judul/Penunjukan pekerjaan dan lokasi yang bersangkutan.
      2. Sifat tugas dan operasi yang harus dilakukan dalam pekerjaan itu.
      3. Sifat hubungan wewenang-tanggung jawab.
      4. Kualifikasi yang diperlukan yang dibutuhkan untuk pekerjaan.
      5. Hubungan pekerjaan itu dengan pekerjaan lain yang menjadi perhatian.
      6. Penyediaan kondisi fisik dan kerja atau lingkungan kerja yang diperlukan dalam pelaksanaan pekerjaan itu.

      Keuntungan dari Deskripsi Pekerjaan

4. SPESIFIKASI JOB adalah pernyataan yang memberitahu kita kualitas manusia minimum yang dapat diterima yang membantu untuk melakukan pekerjaan. Spesifikasi pekerjaan menerjemahkan deskripsi pekerjaan ke dalam kualifikasi manusia sehingga pekerjaan dapat dilakukan dengan cara yang lebih baik. Spesifikasi pekerjaan membantu dalam mempekerjakan orang yang tepat untuk posisi yang sesuai. Isinya adalah:
   1. Jabatan dan penunjukan pekerjaan
   2. Kualifikasi pendidikan untuk gelar itu
   3. Atribut fisik dan atribut terkait lainnya
   4. Kesehatan fisik dan mental
   5. Atribut dan kemampuan khusus
   6. Kedewasaan dan ketergantungan
   7. Hubungan pekerjaan itu dengan pekerjaan lain yang menjadi perhatian.

   Keuntungan dari Spesifikasi Pekerjaan

   1. Ini sangat membantu dalam penyaringan awal dalam prosedur pemilihan.
   2. Ini membantu dalam memberikan pembenaran yang tepat untuk setiap pekerjaan.
   3. Ini juga membantu dalam merancang program pelatihan dan pengembangan.
   4. Ini membantu supervisor untuk konseling dan pemantauan kinerja karyawan.
   5. Ini membantu dalam evaluasi pekerjaan.
   6. Ini membantu manajemen untuk mengambil keputusan mengenai promosi, transfer dan memberikan manfaat tambahan kepada karyawan.

Dari keuntungan di atas, kita dapat membenarkan pentingnya analisis pekerjaan dan produk terkait. Baik deskripsi pekerjaan maupun spesifikasi pekerjaan penting bagi manajer personalia dalam fungsi manajemen personalia. Oleh karena itu, analisis pekerjaan dianggap sebagai alat utama manajemen personalia .

Sumber : www.managementstudyguide.com

Artikel Terkait : Tujuan Manajemen Partisipatif

The wait time of bus patrons at bus stops is one of Transit Bus several measures for assessing reliability of transit services, especially in urban areas. The uncertainty associated with Transit Bus waiting affects bus patrons’ perception of quali of the service provided. Studies in this subject area have therefore been of interest to transit service agencies and officials. This paper presents the findings of a study conducted to determine patrons’ maximum acceptable wait times (beyond the scheduled arrival time) at bus stops in an urban area. In all, 3387 bus patrons at 71 selected bus stops were surveyed over a period of 9 months. The results of the survey showed that the least acceptable wait time beyond the scheduled arrival time was 1 minute, while the maximum acceptable wait time was reported to be 20 minutes. Also, only one-third (33%) of the total number of patrons surveyed were willing to wait up to 5 minutes beyond the scheduled arrival time of buses. In addition, patrons are willing to wait longer in warm weather. On average, white patrons were found to have the least maximum acceptable wait times, followed by Hispanics, Asians, and then Blacks.

Urban areas typically have several modes of transportation, including bus transit. Transit buses offer short distance transportation between bus stops on different routes, especially in dense urban areas. Transit agencies aim at keeping patrons satisfied by improving on-time arrivals at bus stops and reducing passenger wait times. Bus transit travel time and wait times are two of the critical factors that influence patrons’ decision to use one mode of transportation over another. If transit buses arrive at scheduled times, patrons are less likely to have the need to find alternative mode(s) of transportation. However, if buses are chronically late at bus stops, patrons may feel that the bus system is unreliable and may most likely seek alternative modes of transportation.

Several studies have also shown that patrons waiting at a bus stop perceive wait time to be three times more bothersome than the time spent riding on the bus. Consequently, travelers are more likely to change their initial transportation mode choice to another in order to decrease their wait time. It is therefore necessary to be able to determine the maximum acceptable wait time of patrons in order to identify appropriate bus headways, reduce dwell times, and provide adequate allocation of bus stops along a route. This study aimed at determining patrons’ maximum acceptable wait times beyond the schedule arrival time at bus stops in Washington, DC.

Solid waste disposal is an alarming problem in most African countries. Plastic wastes like Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles and powdered wastes like fly ash are severely persisting environmental hazards. They are Polyethylene Terephthalate brutally polluting the water bodies, landfills, as well as the atmosphere. The construction industry has been working towards improving concrete quality by developing alternative methods like partial cement replacement with different pozzolanic elements as well as using waste fibrous materials. Fly ash and PET bottle fibres are two common waste materials that can be used. This article is a part of a research that studied the combined effects of the addition of PET bottle fibres and fly ash (as a partial cement replacement) on the structural performance of concrete. From a purely engineering point of view, the research results indicate that the utilization and incorporation of PET and fly ash wastes in the construction industry are a viable solution to make concrete quality better. This article presents, beyond the engineering properties and experimental works, the economic and environmental advantages of the addition of these waste materials to the conventional concrete mixture. The addition of PET bottle fibres and fly ash resulted in positive cost implications providing a production cost reduction of 19% over the conventional concrete mixture. The removal of these materials from the environment also showed reduction of the emission of toxic elements to landfills and water bodies that put human, animal and plant lives in danger.

Solid waste disposal is an alarming environmental problem in most African countries. Plastic wastes like Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles and powdered wastes like fly ash are severely persisting environmental challenges. They are obnoxiously polluting the water bodies, landfills, as well as the atmosphere. This in turn destroys human, animal and plant lives. Recently studies are being done regarding using waste materials in concrete mixes both to improve its quality as well as to benefit the environment. The construction industry has been working towards minimizing the cement usage and improving concrete quality by developing alternative methods like partial cement replacement with different pozzolanic elements as well as using waste fibrous materials. Fly ash and PET bottle fibres are two of the common waste materials that are currently polluting the environment. This article is a part of a research that studied the combined effects of the addition of PET bottle fibres and fly ash (as a partial cement replacement) on the structural performance of concrete. The study investigated the effects of the addition of PET bottles and fly ash on the engineering properties and flexural performance of concrete. PET bottles with an aspect ratio of 50 (100 mm length and 2 mm width) and fly ash were added to the concrete mix at different percentages and optimized as per the experimental work results. The optimized percentages of PET bottle fibres and fly ash are 1.5% and 27.5% by weight of concrete respectively [1] and [2]. From a purely engineering point of view, these results indicate that the utilization and incorporation of PET and fly ash wastes for the improvement of concrete quality are a move in the right direction and are highly recommended. However, other considerations like cost and environmental advantages should be assessed before the materials are used widely.

The environmental and economic advantages of waste minimization and recycling are undeniable as both the environment and the construction industry benefit in terms of pollution and cost reduction respectively. A study by [3] looked into the effects of recycling waste materials (glass, plastic and demolished concrete) and using them in a concrete mix. Alongside the engineering properties, the results of the study showed that there was a significant reduction in cost of waste disposal and construction expenses. Another study by [4] also studied the early age strength development of concrete with the addition of Activator Blast Furnace Slag. The results of this study revealed that the development of early age strength of concrete contributed to the reduction of construction period. This in turn had an economic advantage. The experimental results of compressive strength and sorptivity of PET fibre reinforced concrete were given by [5]. Fibres used were made from plastic bottle wastes which are non-biodegradable. The study presented that the addition of waste materials reduced the cost of the plastic fibre reinforced concrete while at the same time resolving the problem of solid waste disposal. It was reported by [6] that the partial cement replacement of concrete using fly ash as a replacing material reduced construction and production costs. The study also underscored that concrete modified with fly ash was more cost effective compared to the conventional ordinary Portland cement concrete.

The other significant benefit of modifying concrete with waste materials is reducing the risks the environment is facing. PET bottles are one of the major non-biodegradable plastic wastes that are considered to be dangerous for the environment. Fly ash again is a by-product of burning coal for energy generation. Because of the chemical it consists, it negatively affects soil, plants, atmosphere and the environment in general if not disposed properly. As this study is proposing to use these products for construction, it is definitely contributing to the benefit of saving the environment from the undesirable effects it is facing.

This article presents, beyond the engineering properties and experimental works, the combined economic and environmental advantages of the addition of PET bottle fibres and fly ash to the conventional concrete mixture. By doing so, it presents the necessary information for further researchers as well as individuals or companies that might want to use these materials in concrete production.

Basic guidelines and future directions in First year reflections opens the second volume of the Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, and with this issue begins our second year of publication. The aim of this editorial is to evaluate the 2008 activities, by presenting the members of the Editorial Board and the reviewers of the journal, as well as by reflecting results of quality, prestige and visibility of the journal, which are derived from the perception of the authors, who have sent us their work. Finally, the main conclusions are drawn and future lines of research for the second volume are presented.

One year after publishing the first editorial (Fernandez et al., 2008), we started the second volume presenting to all the stakeholders of the journal our particular vision regarding the journal’s evolution during the first year. In addition, guidelines and goals for this new volume are provided, with the aim of emphasizing the social responsibility of this open-access scientific publication, like other journals (e.g., Simo & Sallan, 2008) of maximum transparency to the professional and academic community.

The new open-access journals include four basic axes (Simo et al., 2006) that are essential in the early years and should be stimulated and constantly improved by their editorial policy: quality, prestige, social responsibility and economic viability. In fact, these aspects are the basic guidelines that we followed during the first volume and they will be further detailed in the following sections.

In order to assess some of the above mentioned aspects, we have relied on the journal’s own data (i.e., review times, number of manuscripts received, number of accepted manuscripts), the composition of the editorial board, the board of reviewers, and a satisfaction survey conducted with the authors who have submitted an article for review during 2008.

A typological approach in Sustainable operations management: discusses the nature of sustainability and sustainable development as they relate to operations management. It proposes a typology for sustainable operations management that is based on the life cycle stages of a product and the three dimensions of corporate social responsibility. The aim is to show how this typology development could provide a useful approach to integrating the diverse strands of sustainability in operations, using industrial ecology and carbon neutrality as examples. It does this by providing a focused subset of environmental concerns for an industrial ecology approach, and some research propositions for the issue of carbon neutrality.

Sustainability and sustainable development are terms that have become prominent in everyday life over recent years, particularly associated with the debates around global warming and corporate social responsibility. These themes have gained increased profile in such recent films as An Inconvenient Truth (Bender & David, 2006) and The Corporation (Achbar & Simpson, 2003). This paper aims to make an initial (and modest) attempt to integrate these themes as they relate to operations management, and to generate discussion for its future development. The typology also aims to help managers adopt an integrated approach to sustainable operations.

Operations management (OM) has been defined, in a recent popular textbook (Chase, Jacobs, & Aquilano, 2006) as “the design, operation, and improvement of the systems that create and deliver the firm’s primary products and services” (2006: 9). Similarly, an older text (Constable & New, 1976) describes OM as being “concerned with the management of the physical resources required for production, whether the product be a manufactured item or a service” (1976:1). The efficient management of these resources and systems is important because the number of people employed in this area is likely to exceed that in other functional areas and, as a consequence, a large proportion of total spending is consumed in the operations area. Also in most manufacturing firms, “about 80 percent of total capital investment will be in the operations area” (1976:1). The current concern for the environment and increased awareness of global warming means the sustainable management of these resources and systems has become very important. Hawken et al. (1999) highlight the manifest resource inefficiency of many of the current products and production processes and claim that about one percent of all material that originates at the top of the supply chain serving the United States remains in use six months after sale of the products containing it (Hawken, Lovins, & Lovins, 1999). This paper makes an attempt to integrate much recent work on sustainability in the OM area into a typology that might be useful for researchers and practitioners. This paper considers the issues of sustainability and sustainable development in the management literature, and then considers briefly how business has adopted these ideas through the notions of corporate social responsibility (the triple bottom line) and corporate sustainability. The paper then extends this debate to the operations management field and how the focus has changed from environmental operations management to, more recently, sustainable operations and sustainable supply chain. The paper then attempts to develop a typology based on the elements of life cycle analysis and the triple bottom line.

A fuzzy pert approach to evaluate plant construction project scheduling risk under uncertain resources capacity at A plant construction project always involves lots of activities. Precise information about the activities duration is unfortunately unavailable due to the uncertain resources capacity. The fuzzy program evaluation and review technique (PERT) has been widely applied to solve the fuzzy project scheduling problem. This paper presents an extended fuzzy PERT approach with four major improvement aspects to support the construction project scheduling management: 1) Evaluate operation fuzzy times based on available working volumes, resources quantity and fuzzy capacity of resources, 2) Adopting a maximal alpha_i-level cut method to compare the fuzzy precedent activities times to determine the reasonable earliest starting times of each activity, 3) Using fuzzy algebra method instead of fuzzy subtraction method to compute the fuzzy latest starting times and 4) Developing a project scheduling risk index (PSRI) to assist the decision maker to evaluate the project scheduling risk. Simulations experiments are conducted and demonstrated satisfactory results.

The plant construction project scheduling is not easy to handle due to various uncertain factors. For example the resources capacity is an important uncertain. Its uncertainty will impact the project scheduling. In industrial practice the decision makers usually use crisp value to estimate the project time while they bid a potential project. But when they get the orders or contracts, frequently they can’t complete construction on time and the resulting cost always exceeds original expectations. How to evaluate the construction project scheduling risk is an important problem.

Fuzzy PERT (program evaluation review techniques) has been widely used to describe the uncertain task durations and scheduling of real industrial practice in project management. There are vast literatures devoted to research about the fuzzy PERT theories and applications. Mon et al. (1995) applied fuzzy distributions on project management to analysis schedule and cost. Chanas, S. & Zielinski, P. (2001) analysis critical patch in the network with fuzzy activity times. Dubois et al. (2003a) studied on latest starting times and floats in activity networks with ill-known durations. Dubois et al. (2003b) also planed fuzzy scheduling with incomplete knowledge. Slyetsov et al. (2003) researched the fuzzy temporal characteristics of operations for project management based on the network models. Wang (1999) developed a fuzzy set approach to schedule product development projects with temporal information. Wang (2002) used a fuzzy project scheduling approach to minimize schedule risk for product development. Wang (2004) applied a genetic algorithm for solving the problem under the objective of maximizing the worst case scheduling. Nezhad et al. (2008) proposed a fuzzy number maximum operator approximation and its application in fuzzy shop scheduling. However, there are still several unsolved issues in fuzzy PERT applications:

•The operation time of each activity is seldom available even using fuzzy number in construction project. If decision makers directly assume operation times of activities to plan the scheduling of project, the result of scheduling may be imprecise.

•There are many ranking methods of fuzzy numbers. However a suitable method to compute the earliest starting times of each activity in project network has not developed yet.

•Fuzzy subtraction method to compute the fuzzy latest starting times may get the unreasonable negative values of times.

•It is worth developing a project scheduling risk index (PSRI) to assist the decision maker to evaluate scheduling risk while they bid a potential construction project.

In coping with the aforementioned issues, this paper presents an extended fuzzy PERT approach with four major improvement aspects to support the project scheduling management:

1) Evaluate operation fuzzy times based on available working volumes, resources quantity and fuzzy capacity of resources,

2) Adopting a maximal a i-level cut method to compare the fuzzy precedent activities times to determine the reasonable earliest starting times of each activity,

3) Using fuzzy algebra method instead of fuzzy subtraction method to compute the fuzzy latest starting times and

4) Developing an index PSRI to assist the decision makers to evaluate the project scheduling risk.